Computer Virus
In 1983, Fred Cohen coined the term
Using the above explanation, it can be said that viruses infect program files. However, viruses can also infect certain types of data files, specifically those types of data files that support executable content, for example, files created in Microsoft Office programs that rely on macros.
Compounding the definition difficulty, viruses also exist that demonstrate a similar ability to infect data files that don't typically support executable content - for example, Adobe PDF files, widely used for document sharing, and .JPG image files. However, in both cases, the respective virus has a dependency on an outside executable and thus neither virus can be considered more than a simple ‘proof of concept’. In other cases, the data files themselves may not be infectable, but can allow for the introduction of viral code. Specifically, vulnerabilities in certain products can allow data files to be manipulated in such a way that it will cause the host program to become unstable, after which malicious code can be introduced to the system. These examples are given simply to note that viruses no longer relegate themselves to simply infecting program files, as was the case when Mr. Cohen first defined the term. Thus, to simplify and modernize, it can be safely stated that a virus infects other files, whether program or data.
Computer viruses are called viruses because they share some of the traits of biological viruses. A computer virus passes from computer to computer like a biological virus passes from person to person.
There are similarities at a deeper level, as well. A biological virus is not a living thing. A virus is a fragment of DNA inside a protective jacket. Unlike a cell, a virus has no way to do anything or to reproduce by itself -- it is not alive. Instead, a biological virus must inject its DNA into a cell. The viral DNA then uses the cell's existing machinery to reproduce itself. In some cases, the cell fills with new viral particles until it bursts, releasing the virus. In other cases, the new virus particles bud off the cell one at a time, and the cell remains alive.
A computer virus shares some of these traits. A computer virus must piggyback on top of some other program or document in order to get executed. Once it is running, it is then able to infect other programs or documents. Obviously, the analogy between computer and biological viruses stretches things a bit, but there are enough similarities that the name sticks.
A computer virus is a program that replicates. To do so, it needs to attach itself to other program files (for example, .exe, .com, .dll) and execute whenever the host program executes. Beyond simple replication, a virus almost always seeks to fulfill another purpose: to cause damage.
Called the damage routine, or payload, the destructive portion of a virus can range from overwriting critical information kept on the hard disk's partition table to scrambling the numbers in the spreadsheets to just taunting the user with sounds, pictures, or obnoxious effects.
It’s worth bearing in mind, however, that even without a ”damage routine”, if viruses are allowed to run unabated then it will continue to propagate--consuming system memory, disk space, slowing network traffic and generally degrading performance. Besides, virus code is often buggy and can also be the source of mysterious system problems that take weeks to understand. So, whether a virus is harmful or not, its presence on the system can lead to instability and should not be tolerated.
Some viruses, in conjunction with "logic bombs," do not make their presence known for months. Instead of causing damage right away, these viruses do nothing but replicate--until the preordained trigger day or event when they unleash their damage routines on the host system or across a network.
Impact of Viruses on Computer Systems
Virus can be reprogrammed to do many kinds of harm including the following.
1.Copy themselves to other programs or areas of a disk.
2.Replicate as rapidly and frequently as possible, filling up the infected system’s disk and memory rendering the systems useless.
3.Display information on the screen.
4.Modify, corrupt or destroy selected files.
5.Erase the contents of entire disks.
6.Lie dormant for a specified time or until a given condition is met, and then become active.
7.Open a back door to the infected system that allows someone else to access and even control of the system through a network or internet connection.
8.Some viruses can crash the system by causing some programs (typically Windows) to behave oddly.
How viruses spread from one system to another?
The most likely virus entry points are email, Internet and network connections, floppy disk drives, and modems or other serial or parallel port connections. In today's increasingly interconnected workplace (Internet, intranet, shared drives, removable drives, and email), virus outbreaks now can spread faster and wider than ever before.
The following are some common ways for a virus to enter the users’ computer system:
•Email attachments
•Malicious scripts in web pages or HTML email
•FTP traffic from the Internet (file downloads)
•Shared network files & network traffic in general
•Demonstration software
•Pirated software
•Shrink-wrapped, production programs (rare)
•Computer labs
•Electronic bulletin boards (BBS)
•Diskette swapping (using other people’s diskettes for carrying data and programs back and forth)
High risk files
The most dangerous files types are:
.EXE, .COM, .XLS, .DOC, .MDB
Because they don't need any special conversion to infect a computer -- all they've got to do is run and consequently the virus spreads. It has been estimated that 99% of all viruses are written for these file formats.
A list of possible virus carriers includes:
EXE - (Executable file)
SYS - (Executable file)
COM - (Executable file)
DOC - (Microsoft Word)
XLS - (Microsoft Excel)
MDB - (Microsoft Access)
ZIP - (Compressed file, common in the USA)
ARJ - (Compressed file, common in the USA)
DRV - (Device driver)
BIN - (Common boot sector image file)
SCR - (Microsoft screen saver)
Common Symptoms Of Virus Infection
?Computer does not boot.
?Computer hard drive space is reduced.
?Applications will not load.
?An application takes longer to load than normal time period.
?Hard dive activity increases especially when nothing is being done on the computer.
?An anti virus software message appears.
?The number of hard drive bad sectors steadily increases.
?Unusual graphics or messages appear on the screen
?Files are missing (deleted)
?A message appears that hard drive cannot be detected or recognized.
?Strange sounds come from the computer.
?Some viruses take control of the keyboard and occasionally substitute a neighboring key for the one actually pressed. Another virus "swallows" key presses so that nothing appears on the screen.
?Also interesting are system time effects. Clocks going backwards are especially frightening for workers who cannot wait to go home. More seriously though, this type of virus can cause chaos for programs which depend on the system time or date.
?Some viruses can cost the user dearly by dialing out on his modem. We do not know of one which dials premium telephone numbers but no doubt we shall see one soon. One particularly malicious virus dials 911 (the emergency number in the USA) and takes up the valuable time of the emergency services.
Categories of viruses
Depending on the source of information different types of viruses may be categorized in the following ways:
PDA VIRUSES
The increasing power of PDAs has spawned a new breed of viruses. Maliciously creative programmers have leveraged the PDA's ability to communicate with other devices and run programs, to cause digital mayhem.
The blissfully safe world where users of these devices could synchronize and download with impunity came to an end in August 2000 with the discovery of the virus Palm Liberty. Since then, many more viruses have been discovered.
Though not yet as harmful as their PC-based cousins, these viruses still pose a threat to unsuspecting users. Their effects vary from the harmless flashing of an unwanted message or an increase in power consumption, to the deletion of all installed programs. But the threat is growing, and the destructiveness of these viruses is expected to parallel the development of the devices they attack.
MULTIPARTITE VIRUSES
A virus that two or more different infection methods will be combined as a multipartite virus. This type of virus can infect both files and boot sector of a floppy disk. Multi-party virus shares some of the characteristics of the boot-sector viruses and file viruses: you can. Com infect files. Exe files and the boot sector of the computer
BOMBS
The two most prevalent types of bombs are time bombs and logic bombs. A time bomb hides on the victim’s disk and waits until a specific date before running. A logic bomb may be activated by a date, a change to a file, or a particular action taken by a user or a program. Bombs are treated as viruses because they can cause damage or disruption to a system.
BOOT SECTOR VIRUSES
Until the mid-1990s, boot sector viruses were the most prevalent virus type, spreading primarily in the 16-bit DOS world via floppy disk. Boot sector viruses infect the boot sector on a floppy disk and spread to a user's hard disk, and can also infect the master boot record (MBR) on a user's hard drive. Once the MBR or boot sector on the hard drive is infected, the virus attempts to infect the boot sector of every floppy disk that is inserted into the computer and accessed. Examples of boot sector viruses are Michelangelo, Satria and Keydrop.
Boot sector viruses work like this: Let us assume that the user received a diskette with an infected boot sector. The user copied data from it but forgot to remove it from drive A:. When he started the computer next time the boot process will execute the infected boot sector program from the diskette. The virus will load first and infect the hard disk. Note that this can be prevented by changing the boot sequence in CMOS (Let C: drive boot before A:).By hiding on the first sector of a disk, the virus is loaded into memory before the system files are loaded. This allows it to gain complete control of DOS interrupts and in the process replaces the original contents of the MBR or DOS boot sector with their own contents and move the original boot sector data to another area on the disk. Because the virus has infected a system area of the hard disk it will be loaded into memory each time the computer is started. It will first take control of the lowest level disk system services before executing the original boot sector code which it has stored in another part of the hard disk. The computer seems to behave exactly as it should. Nobody will notice the extra few fractions of a second added to the boot sequence.
During normal operation the virus will happily stay in memory. Thanks to the fact that it has control of the disk services it can easily monitor requests for disk access - including diskettes. As soon as it gets a request for access to a diskette it will determine that there is a diskette in the floppy drive. It will then examine its boot sector to see if it has already been infected. If it finds the diskette clean it will replace the boot sector with its own code. From this moment the diskette will be a "carrier" and become a medium for infections on other PC's.
The virus will also monitor special disk requests for access to the boot sector. The boot sector contains its own code, and a request to read it could be from an anti-virus program checking for virus presence. The virus will not allow the boot sector to be read and will redirect all requests to the place on the hard disk where it has backed up the original contents. In this way nothing unusual is detected. Such methods are called stealth techniques and their main goal is to mask the presence of the virus. Not all boot viruses use stealth but those which do are common.
Boot viruses also infect the non-file (system) areas of hard and floppy disks. These areas offer an efficient way for a virus to spread from one computer to another. Boot viruses have achieved a higher degree of success than program viruses in infecting their targets and spreading.
Boot virus can infect DOS, Windows 3.x, Windows 95/98, Windows NT, and even Novell Netware systems. This is because they exploit inherent features of the computer (rather than the operating system) to spread and activate.
Cleaning up a boot sector virus can be performed by booting the machine from an uninfected floppy system disk rather than from the hard drive, or by finding the original boot sector and replacing it in the correct location on the disk.
CLUSTER VIRUSES
This type of virus makes changes to a disks file system. If any program is run from the infected disk, the program causes the virus to run as well. This technique creates the illusion that the virus has infected every program on the disk.
E-MAIL VIRUSES
These types of viruses can be transmitted via e-mail messages sent across private networks or the internet. Some e-mail viruses are transmitted as an infected attachment- a document file or program that is attached to the message. This type of virus is run when the victim opens the file that is attached to the message. Other types of email viruses reside within the body of the message itself. To store a virus, the message must be encoded in html format. Once launched many e-mail viruses attempt to spread by sending messages to everyone in the victim’s address book; each of those contains a copy of the virus.
The latest thing in the world of computer viruses is the e-mail virus called Melissa virus which surfaced in March 1999. Melissa spread in Microsoft Word documents sent via e-mail, and it worked like this:
Someone created the virus as a Word document uploaded to an Internet newsgroup. Anyone who downloaded the document and opened it would trigger the virus. The virus would then send the document (and therefore itself) in an e-mail message to the first 50 people in the person's address book. The e-mail message contained a friendly note that included the person's name, so the recipient would open the document thinking it was harmless. The virus would then create 50 new messages from the recipient's machine. As a result, the Melissa virus was the fastest-spreading virus ever seen and it forced a number of large companies to shut down their e-mail systems at that time.
The ILOVEYOU virus, which appeared on May 4, 2000, was even simpler. It contained a piece of code as an attachment. People who double clicked on the attachment allowed the code to execute. The code sent copies of itself to everyone in the victim's address book and then started corrupting files on the victim's machine. This is as simple as a virus can get. It is really more of a Trojan horse distributed by e-mail than it is a virus.
The Melissa virus took advantage of the programming language built into Microsoft Word called VBA, or Visual Basic for Applications. It is a complete programming language and it can be programmed to do things like modify files and send e-mail messages. It also has a useful but dangerous auto-execute feature. A programmer can insert a program into a document that runs instantly whenever the document is opened. This is how the Melissa virus was programmed. Anyone who opened a document infected with Melissa would immediately activate the virus. It would send the 50 e-mails, and then infect a central file called NORMAL.DOT so that any file saved later would also contain the virus! It created a huge mess.
FILE INFECTING VIRUSES
File infectors operate in memory and usually infect executable files with the following extensions: *.COM, *.EXE, *.DRV, *.DLL, *.BIN, *.OVL, *.SYS. They activate every time the infected file is executed by copying themselves into other executable files and can remain in memory long after the virus has activated.
Thousands of different file infecting viruses exist, but similar to boot sector viruses, the vast majority operates in a DOS 16-bit environment. Some, however, have successfully infected the Microsoft Windows, IBM OS/2, and Apple Computer Macintosh environments.
File viruses can be separated further into sub-categories by the way they manipulate their targets:
TSR FILE VIRUSES
A less common type of virus is the terminate-and-stay-resident file virus. As the name suggests these infect files usually these are .com and .exe files. there are however some device driver viruses, some viruses that infect overlay files, and although over 99% of executable programs have the extension .com and .exe, some do not .For a TSR virus to spread some one has to run an infected program. The virus goes memory resident typically looking at each program run thereafter and infects it. Examples of TSR file viruses are Dark Avenger and Green Caterpillar.
OVERWRITING VIRUSES
These viruses infect by overwriting part of their target with their own code but, by doing so, they damage the file. The file will never serve another purpose other than spreading the virus further. Because of this they are usually detected quickly and do not spread easily.
PARASITIC VIRUSES
These viruses attach themselves to executables without substantially changing the contents of the host program. They attach by adding their code to the beginning, end, or even middle of the file and divert program flow so that the virus is executed first. When the virus has finished its job, control is passed on to the host. Execution of the host is a little delayed but this is usually not noticeable.
MACRO VIRUSES
Many older applications had simple macro systems that allowed the user to record a sequence of operations within the application and associate them with a specific keystroke. Later, the user could perform the same sequence of operations by merely hitting the specified key.
Newer applications provide much more complex macro systems. User can write entire macro-programs that run within the word processor or spreadsheet environment and are attached directly onto word processing and spreadsheet files. Unfortunately, this ability also makes it possible to create macro viruses.
Macro viruses currently account for about 80 percent of all viruses, according to the International Computer Security Association (ICSA), and are the fastest growing viruses in computer history. Unlike other virus types, macro viruses aren’t specific to an operating system and spread with ease via email attachments, floppy disks, Web downloads, file transfers, and cooperative applications.
Macro viruses are, however, application-specific. A macro virus is designed to infect a specific type of document file, such as Microsoft word or excel files. They infect macro utilities that accompany such applications as Microsoft Word and Excel, which means a Word macro virus cannot infect an Excel document and vice versa. A macro virus is embedded in a document file and can travel between data files in the application and can eventually infect hundreds of files if undeterred and in the process do various levels of damage to data from corrupting documents to deleting data.
Macro viruses are written in "every man's programming language" -- Visual Basic -- and are relatively easy to create. They can infect at different points during a file's use, for example, when it is opened, saved, closed, or deleted
A typical chronology for macro virus infection begins when an infected document or spreadsheet is loaded. The application also loads any accompanying macros that are attached to the file. If one or more of the macros meet certain criteria, the application will also immediately execute these macros. Macro viruses rely upon this auto-execution capability to gain control of the application’s macro system.
Once the macro virus has been loaded and executed, it waits for the user to edit a new document, and then kicks into action again. It attaches its virus macro programs onto the new document, and then allows the application to save the document normally. In this fashion, the virus spreads to another file and does so in a completely discrete fashion. Users have no idea of the infection. If this new file is later opened on another computer, the virus will once again load, be launched by the application, and find other unsuspecting files to infect.
Finally, as far as a macro virus is concerned, the application serves as the operating system. A single macro virus can spread to any of the platforms on which the application is installed and running. For example, a single macro virus that uses Microsoft Word could conceivably spread to Windows 3.x, Windows 95/98, Window NT, and the Macintosh.
Macro viruses for Word
In the summer of 1995, Microsoft Word 6 was the first product affected with macro virus. The first one (WM/Concept.A) was really only a proof of concept - one of the installed macros (called Payload) contained only this remark:
“That's enough to prove my point”
Most macro viruses for Word use a feature called 'automacros'. The basic principle is that some macros with special names are automatically executed when Word starts, opens a file, or closes a file. The macro virus then inserts macros into NORMAL.DOT - a standard template which is loaded every time Word starts.
In Word there are some ways to disable automacros but this isn't the ultimate solution. Some macro viruses use other methods to take control over the Word environment.
Another method of self-protection may be to set NORMAL.DOT to read only. But this can also be bypassed and, in addition, it prevents the user from customizing the template.
Macro viruses for Excel
Excel has the same opportunities for virus authors as Word. It has automacros and a directory called XLSTART from which templates are automatically loaded.
But Excel does not have just normal VBA macros like Word. In Excel there are so called 'formulas' - macros stored in spreadsheet cells. The first macro virus using this technology was XF/Paix.
Macro viruses for other MS Office products:
Writing a macro virus for other Office products is not difficult. There have been already some viruses for Access, and it is expected that there will be macro viruses for Power Point in the near future.
But those macro viruses are not as dangerous as the macro viruses for Word or Excel. Not because of some limitation of these other Office products, but because data files from these products are not so frequently shared.
There is one danger which can be seen in today's Power Point even without native macro viruses written for this product. Programmers can include in their presentation any number of objects from Excel or Word. And these objects can be infected with macro viruses - if they edit the presentation and open the infected object with its parent application, then the virus can spread further.
But the current situation may change dramatically over the next few years. Microsoft has licensed VBA technology to many firms, so one can expect to see more macro viruses for other products, too.
POLYMORPHIC VIRUSES
You can change each time a copy is difficult to separate this type of the virus itself. Simplest virus to attach a copy of the identity of the infected file itself. Anti-virus programs can detect the virus
STEALTH VIRUSES
Stealth viruses actively seek to conceal themselves from attempts to detect or remove them. They also can conceal changes they make to other files, hiding the damage from the user and the operating system.
Stealth viruses, or Interrupt Interceptors, as they are sometimes called, take control of key DOS-level instructions by intercepting the interrupt table, which is located at the beginning of memory. This gives the virus the ability to do two important things: 1) gain control of the system by re-directing the interrupt calls, and 2) hide itself to prevent detection. They use techniques such as intercepting disk reads to provide an uninfected copy of the original item in place of the infected copy (read-stealthing viruses), altering disk directory or folder data for infected program files (size-stealthing), or both. For example, the Whale virus is a size-stealthing virus. It infects .EXE program files and alters the folder entries of infected files when other programs attempt to read them. The Whale virus adds 9216 bytes to an infected file. Because changes in file size are an indication that a virus might be present, the virus then subtracts the same number of bytes (9216) from the file size given in the directory/folder entry to trick the user into believing that the file’s size has not changed.
An antivirus program which is not equipped with anti-stealth technology will be deceived.
COMPANION VIRUSES
A companion virus is the exception to the rule that a virus must attach itself to a file. The companion virus instead creates a new file and relies on a behavior of DOS to execute it instead of the program file that is normally executed. These viruses target EXE programs. They create another file of the same name but with a COM extension containing the virus code. These viruses take advantage of a property of MS-DOS which allows files to share the same first name in the same directory (e.g. ABC.EXE and ABC.COM) but executes COM files in preference to EXE files.
For example, the companion virus could create a file called CHKDSK.COM and in the same directory as CHKDSK.EXE. If DOS needs to run between two files with the same name, choose where you one. EXE extension and the others. COM extension, it leads to. COM file. This is not an effective means of dissemination, but has one big advantage - there will be no changes to files in any way, and the integrity tests or permanent protection can escape. Another method that can be used by Companion viruses is based on set path. A virus simply makes an infected file in the path before the directory listed in the original program.
PROGRAM VIRUSES
Like normal programs, program viruses must be written for a specific operating system. The vast majority of viruses are written for DOS but some have been written for Windows 3.x, Windows 95/98, and even UNIX. All versions of Windows are compatible with DOS and can host DOS viruses with varying degrees of success. Program viruses infect program files, which commonly have extensions such as .COM, .EXE, .SYS, .DLL, .OVL, or .SCR. Program files are attractive targets for virus writers because they are widely used and have relatively simple formats to which viruses can attach.
Malicious Programs and Scripts
Viruses that infect agent programs (such as those that download software from the Internet; for example, JAVA and ActiveX).
WORM
A worm is a computer program that has the ability to copy itself from machine to machine. Worms normally move around and infect other machines through computer networks. An entire LAN or corporate e-mail system can become totally clogged with copies of a worm, rendering it useless. Worms are commonly spread over the internet via e-mail message attachments and through internet relay chat channels.
For example, the Code Red worm replicated itself over 250,000 times in approximately nine hours on July 19, 2001.
A worm usually exploits some sort of security hole in a piece of software or the operating system. For example, the Slammer worm (which caused mayhem in January 2003) exploited a hole in Microsoft's SQL server.
Worms use up computer time and network bandwidth when they are replicating, and they often have some sort of evil intent. A worm called Code Red made huge headlines in 2001. Experts predicted that this worm could clog the Internet so effectively that things would completely grind to a halt.
The Code Red worm slowed down Internet traffic when it began to replicate itself, but not nearly as badly as predicted. Each copy of the worm scanned the Internet for Windows NT or Windows 2000 servers that do not have the Microsoft security patch installed. Each time it found an unsecured server, the worm copied itself to that server. The new copy then scanned for other servers to infect. Depending on the number of unsecured servers, a worm could conceivably create hundreds of thousands of copies.
The Code Red worm was designed to do three things:
•Replicate itself for the first 20 days of each month
•Replace Web pages on infected servers with a page that declares "Hacked by Chinese"
•Launch a concerted attack on the White House Web server in an attempt to overwhelm it
The most common version of Code Red is a variation, typically referred to as a mutated strain, of the original Ida Code Red that replicated itself on July 19, 2001.
TROJAN HORSES
Trojans are another type of malware that are generally as something else to do as the user expects that the agreed
Because Trojan horses do not make duplicates of themselves on the victims disk (or copy themselves to other disks), they are not technically viruses. But because they can do harm, many experts consider them to be a type of virus. Trojan horses are often used as by hackers to create a back door to an infected system. Trojans, such as BackOrrifice are very dangerous. If anyone runs this program and his computer is connected to the internet, then the hacker can take control of that computer - transfer files to or from the computer, capture screen contents, run any program or kill any running process, etc.
Once a Trojan is installed onto the system this program has the same privileges as the user of the computer and can exploit the system to do something the user did not intend such as:
?Delete files
?Transmit to the intruder any files that the user can read
?Change any files that the user can modify
?Install other programs with the user’s privileges
?Execute privilege-elevation attacks—the Trojan can attempt to exploit a weakness to raise the level of access beyond the user running the Trojan. If successful, the Trojan can operate with increased privileges.
?Install viruses
?Install other Trojans
The Following Tips Will Help The User To Minimize Virus Risk:
?If the users are truly worried about traditional (as opposed to e-mail) viruses, they should be running a more secure operating system like UNIX. One should never hear about viruses on these operating systems because the security features keep viruses (and unwanted human visitors) away from the hard disk.
?If the users are using an unsecured operating system, then buying virus protection software is a nice safeguard. Some popular anti virus programs include:
•McAfee Virus Scan
•Norton Anti Virus
•Virex
•PC—cillin
•Avast!
•AVG Anti Virus System
?Automatic protection of anti-virus software should be turned on at all times.
?The users should perform a manual scan (or schedule a scan to occur automatically) of their hard disks weekly. These scans supplement automatic protection and confirm that the computer is virus-free.
?Scan all floppy disks before first use.
?Disable floppy disk booting -- most computers now allow the user to do this, and that will eliminate the risk of a boot sector virus coming in from a floppy disk accidentally left in the drive.
?The users should Enable Automatic Update option of their anti-virus software in order to update their virus definition files.
?Creation and maintenance of a rescue disk should be done by the user in order to facilitate recovery from certain boot viruses.
?Periodic backups of the hard disk should be done.
?Users’ should buy legal copies of all software they use and make write-protected backups.
? Email messages and email attachments from unknown people should not be opened. Attachments that come in as Word files (.DOC), spreadsheets (.XLS), images (.GIF and .JPG), etc., are data files and they can do no damage (noting the macro virus problem in Word and Excel documents mentioned above). A file with an extension like EXE, COM or VBS is an executable, and an executable can do any sort of damage it wants. Further it should be verified that the "author" of the email has sent the attachments. Newer viruses can send email messages that appear to be from a person user know.
?The potential users should make sure that Macro Virus Protection is enabled in all Microsoft applications, and they should never run macros in a document unless they know specifically the functionality of the macros.
?Appropriate Passwords should be assigned to the shared network drives.
Things that are not viruses!
Joke programs
Joke programs are not viruses and do not inflict any damage. Their purpose is to frighten their victims into thinking that a virus has infected and damaged their system. For example, a joke program may display a message warning the user not to touch any keys or else the computer’s hard disk will be formatted.
Droppers
A dropper is a program that is not a virus, nor is it infected with a virus but when run it installs a virus into memory on to the disk, or onto a file. Droppers have been written sometimes as a convenient carrier for a virus and sometimes as an act of sabotage.
Hoaxes
There must be very few people on email who haven't received a chain letter with the subject line warning of a virus doing the rounds. These are often hoaxes and meant to scare people and have fun at their expense. The warnings encourage the recipient of the e-mail to pass the warning to the netizens and thus create an unnecessary furor, besides clogging mailboxes, as it usurps an air of credibility.
Methodology of virus detection applied by antivirus softwares:
Three main methods exist for detecting viruses: integrity checking (also known as checksumming), behavior monitoring and pattern matching (scanning).
Integrity checking
Antivirus programs that use integrity checking start by building an initial record of the status (size, time, date, etc.) of every application file on the hard drive. Using this data, checksumming programs then monitor the files to see if changes have been made. If the status changes, the integrity checker warns the user of a possible virus.
However, this method has several disadvantages, the biggest being that false alarms are altogether too common. The records used by checksumming programs are often rendered obsolete by legitimate programs, which, in their normal course of operations, make changes to files that appear to the Integrity checker to be viral activity. Another weakness of integrity checking is that it can only alert the user after a virus has infected the system.
Behavior monitoring
Behavior Monitoring programs are usually terminate and stay resident (TSR) and constantly monitor requests that are passed to the interrupt table. These programs are on the lookout for activities that a virus might engage in--requests to write to a boot sector, opening an executable program for writing, or placing itself resident in memory. The behavior these programs monitor is derived from a user-configurable set of rules.
Pattern matching
Using a process called "pattern matching," the anti-virus software draws upon an extensive database of virus patterns to identify known virus signatures, or telltale snippets of virus code. Key areas of each scanned file are compared against the list of thousands of virus signatures that the anti-virus software has on record.
Whenever a match occurs, the anti-virus software takes the action the user has configured: Clean, Delete, Quarantine, Pass (Deny Access for Real-time Scan), or Rename.
Self Defense Mechanisms Evolved By Viruses
Virus authors of course wish that their child successfully lives. For this reason there are many viruses outfitted with some self-defense mechanisms against anti virus systems.
Passive Defense :
Viruses use a variety of methods to hide themselves from antivirus programs. Passive defense uses programming methods which make analysis of the virus more difficult, e.g. polymorphic viruses which were developed to counter scanners looking for constant strings of virus code.
Today antivirus systems are capable of analyzing polymorphic code and searching for virus identifiers in the decrypted body. The virus authors reacted by making the encryption too complex for antivirus software to unravel, thus mistaking it for a clean program.
Active Self-defense :
Viruses actively defend themselves by protecting their own code or by attempting to damage antivirus software. A simple method is to locate antivirus software databases and amend or delete them.
Viruses use stealth technology more sophisticated resident. When the request by using detect the infected files, they temporarily
There are very rare viruses which consider an attempt to run an anti-virus program as arrogant and immediately reply with some revenge action - for example hard disk formatting.
Trap
A trap is the most malicious form of self-defense and works as follows. Although the user’s computer is infected but everything appears to work correctly. Once the user discovers the virus and removes it things get complicated - programs no longer run properly or the hard disk may become inaccessible even when booting from a clean system diskette.
The best known trap virus is One_Half. It continuously encrypts the data on a hard disk (two tracks on every boot). If it is removed from the partition sector before data files are decoded then some files will become inaccessible. At this stage the situation is serious but recovery of the data is still possible. However, if the user runs a disk utility (Scandisk etc.) to repair the damage then the data will almost certainly be lost forever.
These utilities are designed to repair relatively minor damage to file system and do not recognize the encrypted data.
REFERENCE:
1.Mary Landesman “What is a virus?”
http://antivirus.about.com/cs/tutorials/a/whatisavirus.htm
2.NetGuide “What are computer viruses? “–
http://www.netguide.co.nz/knowhow/tutorials/print.php?iid=38
3.Marshall Brain “How Computer Viruses Work”
http://www.Howstuffworks How Computer Viruses Work.htm
4.AVG Anti Virus Free Edition Help
Developed by Grisoft Inc
5.Norton Anti-virus Help
Developed by Symantec Corporation
6.Trend Micro PC-cillin Help
Developed by Trend Micro Inc
7.Peter Norton “Computer Viruses”
Introduction to Computers, Tata McGraw Hill Co:
8. Dr.Solomon ”About Viruses” &”Virus Prevention”
Dr.Solomon’s Virus Encyclopedia, Dr.Solomon’s Software Ltd.
9.C.A.Schmidt ”Virus”
The Complete Computer Upgrade And Repair Text Book,Dreamtech
10. S.Jaiswal “Virus Detection And Elimination”
Information Technology Today, Galgotia Publication Pvt. Ltd.
ASP.NET 3.5 Hosting - Guides on ASP.NET 3.5 Hosting Tools and Developments
ASP.NET 2.0 and ASP.NET 1.1 offers a number of quality characteristics, too, but ASP.NET 3.5 has made use of such applications has increased the popularity of ASP.NET as a development platform.
The ASP.NET Merge tool is one of the new features added to this platform. Web hosters are able to combine such meetings that have already been collected before. Other important features and enhancements that were added are:
*New Data Controls
*Integrated AJAX Support
*The LinqDataSource Control
*IntelliSense for ASP.NET Ajax and Java
*Support for LINQ
*Improved Design time experience
The fact that the integrated AJAX support has been included in ASP.NET 3,5 hosting means that users are now able to use these benefits:
1-Round trips or unnecessary web server hits have been lessened
2-The user interface has been developed in such a way that it is more responsive and ultimately richer.
3-Web page updates are based on Real-time
4-Language neutrality has been introduced
5-Web pages get delivered at a faster rate
6-It makes sure that the memory of the user’s system is not put into over-load.
ASP.NET AJAX Control Toolkit is another have been incorporated into the hosted solution, including applications. This application is to make the code samples, and a software development tools. Its basic advantage is that it allows Web hosting providers, so that their websites or web pages at any time, more intuitive appeal. The tool ensures that users can add beauty without difficulty on his website.
Web services such as membership, authentication, profiles, management, etc. are also supported by ASP.NET 3.5 hosting. These services are primarily ASP.NET application.
ASP.NET 3.5 hosting web hosting provider also makes the establishment of such sites, enabled ASP.NET AJAX. Users also have the opportunity to create such a website, so that helps with the Microsoft AJAX Library of WCF and ASMX.
The new data controls, ASP.NET 3.5 hosting is provided includes the ListView and DataPager. User ListView using C (create) (read) U (update) in the D (delete) functionality, ie, CRUD operations can be studies. ListView also sort the user can page data. This is a flexible control and say DataGrid, GridView control, use a list control such as a repeater.
To make sure that paging features integrated controls no date no difficulty, DataPager included in ASP.NET 3,5 hospitality.
Backpacking (wilderness)
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Backpacking in the Grand Teton National Park, United States
Backpacking (in US; tramping, trekking, or bushwalking in other countries) combines hiking and camping in a single trip. A backpacker hikes into the backcountry to spend one or more nights there, and carries supplies and equipment to satisfy sleeping and eating needs.
Definition
Varsity Scouts of the Boy Scouts of America preparing to hit the trail
A backpack bag into a backpack, all of his or her gear. Such equipment must include food, water and shelter, or access to these tools, but few, as in a more compact, more simple form than a man would use a fixed camping and frequent. A backpack trip, must have at least one overnight in the wilderness (otherwise, in this day, raising interest rates). Many backpacking trips last just a weekend (one or two nights), but long-distance expeditions may persist for several weeks or months, and sometimes benefited from the World Food Program and supply decreased.
Backpackers camp, the Golden Gate than ordinary camps. In the region, experiencing a backpack normal traffic, in the camp, hike, there may be a Ring of Fire map and some warning or information signs and a small wooden bulletin board. Many Canadian interest rates in the camps are not much less than the ground-shrub or grass patch. In very remote areas, established camps do not exist, and visitors must choose the right camp.
In some places, tents, backpacks have access to accommodation is a multi-lot. In the British Empire more remote areas, bothies there to provide simple (and free) backpack accommodation. Another example is the high Sierra camps in Yosemite National Park. Mountain huts provide similar accommodation in other countries, so being a mountain hut is beneficial to the members of the organization (perhaps necessary) to use its facilities for use. In the other path (for example, Appalachian Trail) has a certain sort in a more mature shelter provides a place where weary hikers to spend the night without having to set up a tent.
Please avoid any impact to the land of the journey through the intent of most backpackers. This is as much as possible, and do not remove it, did not leave the established trail in the backcountry residues include the following. Leave No Trace movement (
Professional backpacking
For some people, backpacking is a necessary and integral part of their job.
In the US military a framed backpack is referred to as a "rucksack" or simply a "ruck". Soldiers who serve in the militaries of most nation-states usually receive at least some rudimentary backpacking training while infantrymen are often trained to a more advanced backpacking skill level. They share many common attributes with amateur backpackers: being self-contained, use of land-navigation skills and actively minimizing their environmental foot-print. There are, however, a few differences -- such as the need to carry weapons, ammunition, and communication equipment, and sometimes the need to maintain "noise and light discipline", which means remaining silent and in darkness to avoid detection.
Other professional backpackers include scientific and academic researchers, professional guides, photographers, park-rangers and "search & rescue" personnel.
Motivation
Hikers backpacking through Stein Valley Provincial Park in British Columbia.
People are drawn primarily for recreation backpack, to places as they consider beautiful and fascinating, not many of which explore distributed in any way. A backpacker can travel deeper into remote areas, away from people and their impact, as a day-can hikers. However backpack provides additional benefits in addition to the distance of the journey. Many weekend trips cover routes that you choose will be hiked in one day, but the people around them still stay backpack for the experience of the night.
These possibilities come with disadvantages. The weight of a pack drive, loaded with supplies and gear, forces traditional backpackers, slower than the day-hikers would, and it may become a nuisance and a distraction from the countryside to enjoy. In addition, warehouse tasks (such as halts, the tent opens, and can) cook quickly for several hours each day. However, much of this downtime can be purified from the date of the practice.
Backpackers face many risks, including adverse weather, difficult terrain, treacherous river crossings, and hungry or unpredictable animals (although...(and so on) To get More information , you can visit some products about gps mobie phone, touchscreen watch mobile, . The TV Dubao668 (New) PHONE products should be show more here!
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Know the Top Web Hosting Sites of Today
Top web hosting sites varies on the price, performance, efficiency, customer support, and consumer feedback. Plenty of websites have already enlisted their top web hosting sites but each have different ranking list. So herewith are the most commonly ranked sites in majority of the web hosting reviews:
1.Fat Cow is called as the over all best host. This web hosting company provides all the key features needed for a certain website and online business at a reasonable price compared to others. Fat cow provides great deal packages without being too pricy. The offer unlimited storage space and bandwidth allowance with free domain names and set-up. Moreover, Fat Cow also supports "free" infinite domain pointing and e-mail accounts with a detailed site builder. They also provide huge scripting resources and analysts for traffic at your disposal. They also provide options on availing services of MySQL, PHP, complete directory of CGI, Python and Ruby-on-rails. Not only that, they also provide free credits for advertising on Yahoo Search Marketing and Google. FatCow has also technical support online, on e-mail, toll-free phone or live chat which can be contacted 24/7.
2.Just host also known as the "best value" host. It befits the needs of any size of business; Just Host has two available packages that are nearly suitable in terms of price and features. There are several features offered with each plan and the storage space is infinite with limitless bandwidth allowance for every account. Adding any three domains is allowed for lifetime as a part of the hosting package. It is offered in affordable prices without compromising the features. Just Host provides MySQL database, endless e-mail accounts, various sub-domains, site statistics and control panel as Just Host cPanel. It hosts a library of scripts which is CGI enabled, thus it can suggest great value to technically inclined handling. It offers PHP support aside from the site builder, software for e-commerce shopping cart, FTP access and Dreamweaver support. Just Host offers free advertising credits worth $25 on Yahoo! Search Marketing are also available for a short period, with every new registration.
3.Host Monster is the second most ranked web host service provider. It offers a kind of disk storage space and bandwidth allowance that is hardly ever offered with even the big names in same business. It offer their customers with a free site builder, free domain name, free setup and allows them to host limitless domain names on their account. More often than not, webmasters craves this feature, which marks their presence on multiple domain names. This is why Host Monster has maintained a high position in the roster of rankings. Host Monster also provide their customer with 24/7 toll-free phone line or via e-mail customer service. At any rate that a website needs to be functional in different areas, Host Monster offers vast choice of features for every account. Among these features are, MySQL, Javascript/DHTML, Ruby on Rails, PHP, Flash/shockwave, free submission to search engines for advertising and multiple carts for shopping are on the list. It also provides their customer with $50 worth of free credits on Google Adwords and Yahoo Search Marketing to generate traffic in no time.
Indeed, there plenty of hosting sites that offer tempting services to online users and clients. Yet, only a few of these web hosting companies made it to the roll of the best and most-acclaimed sites that offer first-rate services in the web hosting industry.
What is the Importance of J2ee Server in the Software Scenario?
Quick development and deployment are required whether in-house applications for raising employee efficiency are being created or rich Internet applications to cater to the specialized needs of the clients are being developed.
Another issue, which concerns the enterprise, is the portability and scalability of enterprise applications. An enterprise application is feasible, and only it is very easy to cross-platform and portable. Scalability is also a parameter, which determines an application, you can log www.viral, toolbar builder.com Enterprise applications must be upgraded so that they can scale to accommodate thousands of users while long-term viability of . J2EE-based enterprise applications can perform cross-platform and cross-device functionality.
J2EE Development services for established as well as emerging companies across the world.
1. Multi-platform support language and support for web-services also
2. Develop dynamic web applications for e commerce, e learning, polls, HTML forms processing, and more.
3. Combine Java technology-based applications or services to create highly customized applications or services.
The J2EE platform provides a multi-tiered distributed application model, the ability to reuse components, a unified security model, and flexible transaction control. Not only can you deliver innovative customer solutions to market faster than ever, but your platform independent J2EE component based solutions are not tied to the products and APIs of any one vendor. .
The J2EE specification defines the following kinds of components:
Servlet and Java Server Pages (JSP) components (also called Web components): These typically execute in a web server and respond to HTTP requests from web clients. Servlet and JSP pages may be used to generate HTML (or even XML) pages that are an application’s user interface.
Enterprise Java Beans (EJB) components: These execute in a managed environment that supports transactions. Enterprise beans typically contain the business logic for a J2EE application
it is always advisable for outsourcing Java to a company which houses experienced and technically qualified Java professionals which ensures best services and that too in perfect quality.
J2EE or the Java to Enterprise Edition platform developed by Sun Microsystems stipulates the criterion for developing multi-tier enterprise applications. The J2EE platform leverages the robustness of the Java programming language that allows developers to write the code only once and execute the application on any platform. Presently more than two-thirds of development managers use the J2EE platform to develop and deploy their applications.
The user level web application are usually in simple HTML, DHTML, created some complex COM and Java Script applets. The bulk of the software that had been previously developed on the client-server architecture, which it needed to be installed separately in each user's computer. Upgrading such a web application has been extremely difficult as it involved upgrading every machine, in which it previously installed. Another difficulty was on the client-server development of customized applications required to send the company a license each time a Web application installed on your computer.
Most database-driven application development using open source technology, three-tiered structure. Web application itself is running on your desktop or notebook PC browser. Users can only access the input data or search strings application front end. The platform-independent Java applications can be on any PDA or cell phone or device, such as equipment for remote login access.
Enterprise Java bean application development occurs by employing a three-tier architecture consisting of a front end known as the web container, an EJB container, the third tier being the database. This three-tier structure has proved to be immensely useful for enterprise application development.
A web application developed in 3 tiers stage: User services, business services, & data services. The User service tier creates a visual gateway for the consumer to interact with the application. This can range from basic HTML and DHTML to complex COM components and Java applets.
Java API for XML Processing (JAXP): Designed to assist applications in parsing and transforming XML documents.
Java Naming and Directory Interface (JNDI): Defines methods that perform directory operations, such as searching for objects using their attributes and associating attributes with objects.
Java Architecture XML Binding (JAXB if): XML documents, Java objects to map provides a binding compiler and Rantaimufuremuwaku. This feature, which accepts the system will be able to handle to make sure that only valid messages. Automatically by the compiler of the Java class, keep the trouble to write code to parse any XML Schema complex World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) to convert.
What are the Advantages of Application Development in J2EE?
Faster solutions delivery time to market. The J2EE platform uses “containers” to simplify development. J2EE containers provide for the separation of business logic from resource and life cycle management.
Possibly, the benefits of the J2EE applications are already apparent, but some people will also claim that they just add extra bloat and complexity. We feel however that they are of great importance.
The J2EE specification states that the main goals of the J2EE application concept are “to provide scalable modular application assembly and portable deployment of J2EE applications into any J2EE product”. What this means is that there are basically two goals, compatibility and making it easy to distribute prefabricated J2EE applications.
#Platform independent
# centrally managed
# more scalable & more secure
Container-managed relationships support both one-to-one and one-to-many relationships between entity beans. (Entity beans are Java classes that represent business objects in a persistent storage mechanism — for example, a particular row in a database.) With one-to-many relationships, an entity bean uses a Java collection to represent the many side. The ability to manage such a relationship is similar in concept to relationship modeling in modern relational database technology.
Web applications are becoming more and more like “normal” desktop applications. Of course, they are more and more functional, but smooth user interface acts the primary role. So we have drag and drop, auto competition, and much more. Many of those nice features got possible only with help of AJAX
Java scripts are often ridiculed as the black sheep of programming languages. Development tools, complex, inconsistent file as HTML page in the browser inconsistencies in the implementation of the object model help in this point of view or visit www.software designer - pro.com, Java Script is not just a toy. In this article, Bruce Tate's language features of Java scripts.
Almost every Web developer has been a curse for one or another Java script. Under a complex programming model, weight difficulties language depression known as the Document Object Model (DOM) implementation and commissioning, poor tools, and inconsistent implementation of the browser. Until recently, many developers, but from the Java script written in the best or the worst toy in the necessary evil.
Php Frameworks
PHP is a framework, PHP is the latest hot topic in the community, a new framework is being released daily. In the framework of the 40 and over, each framework offers different functionality.
I am going to give a quick overview of 3most popular frameworks.
PRADO is a component-based and event-driven programming framework for developing Web applications in PHP 5. PRADO stands for PHP Rapid Application Development Object-oriented.The sole requirement to run PRADO-based applications is a Web server supporting PHP 5.1.0 or higher. You can use it to develop either open source or commerical applications.
Last version has added native support DB and seamless AJAX support to complement a maturing PRADO framework for PHP Web applications serious business. He added many new controls, examples and tutorials.
Web Programming blogs
Web Programming Tutorials and articles
Its features include:
DB access: the cook needs to support a variety of databases to add a single layer 3. They PDO is a data access, Active Record and is based on SQLMap.
Active Controls: These are AJAX-enabled Web controls that make the creation of an AJAX-enabled Web site extremely easy.
Other major new components
Services:
- TSoapService: a service component supporting SOAP requests
- TJsonService: a service component supporting JSON requests
- TFeedService: a service component supporting feed requests
Modules:
- TDbCache: a generic DB cache module that can use any DB driver
- TDbUserManager: a DB-driven user manager module
Controls:
- TOutputCache: a control enabling fragment page caching
- TClientScriptLoader: a control for loading JavaScript libraries
- TXmlTransform: a control performing inline XML transformation
Cake is a rapid development framework used for PHP, most commonly known design patterns like ActiveRecord, Association Data Mapping, Front Controller and MVC. Our primary goal is to establish a structured framework that PHP users at all levels quickly develop robust web applications, without being able to offer loss of flexibility.
Its features include:
Model, View, Controller Architecture
View Helpers for AJAX, Javascript, HTML Forms and more
Built-in Validation
Application Scaffolding
Application and CRUD code generation via Bake
Access Control Lists
Data Sanitization
Security, Session, and Request Handling Components
Flexible View Caching
Seagull is a mature OOP framework for building web, command line and GUI applications. Licensed under BSD, the project allows PHP developers to easily integrate and manage code resources, and build complex applications quickly.
Its features include:
PHP 4/5 compatible
compact core framework with complete modules in package
Model-view-controller pattern
performance conscious design[citation needed]
multiple input and output formats
integrated object-relational mapper for rapid application development
Loosely coupled components, please use the template of your choice, output to multiple devices or CLI engine
caching
localization. Translated into more than 21 world languages.
integrated PEAR libraries
Web Programming Tutorials and articles
Online ASP Tutorials on Ad Management- Interactive Learning Options
ASP learners can benefit from the ASP ad management tutorials and absolute ASP Banner Manager XE version and tutorials Multi-Languages support, Multi-Templates support and full support for Third Party Code as Flash, Javascript, Java Applets, Html banners and through JBSX which is a powerful Banner Rotating System. There is an advanced gain knowledge base working to add scripts on the JBSX support that takes care of several database types without any recoding, such as MS SQL - server(Script to create tables included), MySQL(Script to create tables included), MS Access database (Database included) with support for both Windows and Linux(running ChiliASP from ChiliSoft) platforms.
Next highest category in the ASP tutorials available online section of Jiro's Banner System Experience (JBSX) v1.0 with FunkyASP AD system. This set of scripts can insert a banner rotating system into your existing ASP web site.
The ASP online seminars covering Free Internet telephony made easy tutorials to add VoIP to your conversation or website. The seminars students are aware of the conaito VoIP ActiveX SDK for the development of VoIP audio applications and webpages that have new set of features such as Mic Boost, Encryption Voice
The online tutorials can be browsed for the Auction aLive scripts, the one among other advanced ASP Tutorialsis a proprietory stand-alone application. Its purpose is to monitor and record a live auction with real people all in the same room. The ASP tutorial provides with a detailed analysis of Movable Type API .NET Class Library for Microsoft .NET web sites and applications. The component defined in this ASP Tutorial, provides an easy-to-use interface to the Movable Type API to download recent posts, fetch blog trackback information, fetch/update post categories and download blog category lists.
The next important category to note when studying ASP Tutorial online is to know about the CFMMaker which is a powerful yet easy-to-use code generator that creates a full set of CFM (ColdFusion templates) quickly from your Data Source. The databases that it supports are Microsoft Access, Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle or any database with ADO or ODBC connectivity. The ASP Tutorial describes about the use of generated CFM by means of which users can view, edit, search, add and delete records in the database easily on the Web.
I.T. Aspirants interested in ASP can therefore, get reference of more scripts and resources available in ASP Tutorials online on topics such as Jobs and Employment Scripts in Ad Management, frame based Scripts in Ad Management ASP Tutorial, Imagemaps Scripts in Ad Management, trees Scripts in Ad Management, Language Based Scripts in Ad Management ASP Tutorials, Web-based Email Scripts in Ad Management ASP Tutorial, Add Based Scripts in Ad Management and Web based Banner Scripts in Ad Management ASP Tutorial readily accessible to refer back and download for regular learning. The online approach has been regarded fruitful to get updated with the latest in ASP Tutorials informing about technology that make you excel in ASP programming.
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